TWP/C2/Sonde Missing Data

There were no sondes launced during this period because there was
no helium on site and the hydrogen generator was not working.  The
hydrogen generator was repaired and launches resumed.

• Raw data stream - documentation not supported

• Raw data stream - documentation not supported

• lat
• base_time
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• wstat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• alt
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• asc
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lon
• time_offset
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)

• lon
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• alt
• asc
• base_time
• time_offset
• Wind Direction(deg)
• lat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/SONDE/C2 - Missing Winds

About half of the soundings in November-December exhibited drop-outs
in the winds.  These dropouts were typically over a depth of 1-2 km.
Sometimes the dropout occurred at the surface, sometimes at the top of
the sounding and sometimes in the middle.  These gaps occurred on:

19981126
19981129
19981206
19981209
19981210
19981211
19981212
19981221
19981222

• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)

• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)

TWP/C2/Balloon Soundings: Missing Flights

No sondes were launched during this period for reasons unknown.

• lat
• base_time
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• wstat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• alt
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• asc
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lon
• time_offset
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)

• lon
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• alt
• asc
• base_time
• time_offset
• Wind Direction(deg)
• lat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/C1 - Incorrect elevation reported in Manus Data

(From Bill Clements) We have been using 6m MSL as the station
elevation of Momote (Manus).  This was based on information
posted near the station barometer in the Momote Weather Service
Office.  It turns out that the official WMO station elevation
for Momote is 4m MSL and the upper air elevation is 5m MSL.

All Manus instruments except the sonde station are at 4m MSL.
The sonde launching station is at 5m MSL.

• alt

TWP/C1/Balloon Soundings Maximum Altitude

Only surface data included in this data file.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• lon
• asc
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• base_time
• alt
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• wstat

• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• base_time
• lat
• asc
• lon

TWP/C1/Balloon Soundings Maximum Altitude

Only surface data included in this data file.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• lon
• asc
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• base_time
• alt
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• wstat

• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• base_time
• lat
• asc
• lon

TWP/C1/Balloon Soundings Maximum Altitude

Only surface data included in this data file.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• lon
• asc
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• base_time
• alt
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• wstat

• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• base_time
• lat
• asc
• lon

TWP/C1/Balloon Soundings Maximum Altitude

Only surface data included in this data file.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• lon
• asc
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• base_time
• alt
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• wstat

• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• base_time
• lat
• asc
• lon

TWP/C1/Balloon Soundings Maximum Altitude

This sonde only reached a height of 0.3 km.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• lon
• asc
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• base_time
• alt
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• wstat

• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• base_time
• lat
• asc
• lon

TWP/C1 - Generator Problem

On November 18 the generator was turned off due to a fault in the oil
pressure sensor. It had been having trouble for at least a day prior
to the manual shut-down. ADaM, the MPL, and the WSI were also shut
down to prevent an unscheduled power cycle. As a result, there is a block 
of missing data from November 20-27 for all of the instruments except 
those connected to the Zeno loggers (SKYRAD, GNDRAD, SMET).

• Wind Direction(deg)
• asc
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• lon
• base_time
• wstat
• lat
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• time_offset
• alt

• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• asc
• lon
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• base_time
• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• time_offset
• alt
• Wind Direction(deg)
• lat

• laser_temperature
• lon
• Backscatter(backscatter)
• measurement_parameters
• base_time
• Vertical visibility(vertical_visibility)
• alt_highest_signal
• alt
• lat
• Second lowest cloud base height(second_cbh)
• Lowest cloud base height detected.(first_cbh)
• receiver_sensitivity
• Third cloud base height(third_cbh)
• range
• detection_status
• time_offset
• background_light
• sum_backscatter
• status_flag
• window_contamination
• tilt_angle
• laser_pulse_energy
• filename
• status_string

• laser_pulse_energy
• Second lowest cloud base height(second_cbh)
• time_offset
• receiver_sensitivity
• Vertical visibility(vertical_visibility)
• filename
• measurement_parameters
• status_string
• background_light
• sum_backscatter
• lon
• status_flag
• detection_status
• range
• laser_temperature
• Third cloud base height(third_cbh)
• Lowest cloud base height detected.(first_cbh)
• alt
• alt_highest_signal
• tilt_angle
• Backscatter(backscatter)
• window_contamination
• lat
• base_time

• logger_volt
• lon
• alt
• diffuse_hemisp_broadband
• base_time
• cosine_solar_zenith_angle
• lat
• Direct Normal Broadband Irradiance(direct_norm_broadband)
• time_offset
• callang_flags
• hemisp_narrowband
• diffuse_hemisp_narrowband
• total_hemisp_broadband
• mfrsr_temp
• Direct Normal Irradiance, NIMFR(direct_norm_narrowband)

• lat
• dif6
• dif5
• dif7
• dif2
• dif1
• dif4
• dif3
• supply_voltage
• base_time
• detector_temp
• alt
• time_offset
• tot3
• tot4
• lon
• tot1
• tot2
• tot7
• tot5
• tot6
• dirn4
• dirn3
• dirn2
• dirn1
• dirn7
• dirn6
• dirn5

TWP/C2  Installation

The Nauru ARCS was installed during the period September-November
1998.  Data were being collected by the end of October, but for the
first several weeks of November, the site was undergoing considerable
change, so data from that period should be used with caution.  The
official site dedication occured on November 20.  Most on-site
activity ended following the dedication so we will consider November
20 to be the beginning of the Nauru operations.  The last members of
the installation team left Nauru on November 24.

• Raw data stream - documentation not supported

• lat
• base_time
• Eastward Wind Component(u_wind)
• Northward Wind Component(v_wind)
• wstat
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Wind Direction(deg)
• alt
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• asc
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• lon
• time_offset
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)

• lon
• Pressure, atmospheric, constant value of model level, RUC model output(pres)
• wstat
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)
• alt
• asc
• base_time
• time_offset
• Wind Direction(deg)
• lat
• Mean Wind Speed(wspd)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/C1 - Incorrect elevation reported in Manus Data

(From Bill Clements) We have been using 6m MSL as the station
elevation of Momote (Manus).  This was based on information
posted near the station barometer in the Momote Weather Service
Office.  It turns out that the official WMO station elevation
for Momote is 4m MSL and the upper air elevation is 5m MSL.

All Manus instruments except the sonde station are at 4m MSL.
The sonde launching station is at 5m MSL.

• alt

TWP/SONDE/C2  - Broken Temperature Sensor

The temperature sensors on these radiosondes broke at launch.  All
the temperature-related data are incorrect.

• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/SONDE/C1  - Broken Temperature Sensor

The temperature sensor on these radiosondes broke after launch.
All the temperature related data are incorrect.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/Sonde/C1 - Bad RH Values

The RH values from the surface to approximately 11.5 km oscillate between reasonable 
values and zero.  This is apparently caused by a failure in the RH sensor heating process.  
Although the oscillation stops when the heating stops (at temperatures below ~ -45degC) I 
think the values must be viewed as suspect.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

TWP/SONDE/C2 - Bad RH Data (AIRS Validation Sonde)

The RH sensor heating circuit failed on this sonde.  This results in
oscillation of reported RH between reasonable values and values near zero.
This was an AIRS validation sounding.

• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

TWP/SONDE/C1 - Questionable RH

It appears that the RH sensor heating circuit failed during this portion of the sounding 
(approximately between 5km and 10km).  The RH oscillates rapidly between low (~5 %RH) and 
not so low (~50 %RH) and the oscillation seems to stop when the temperature is below ~35 
degC.  According to Vaisala these are symptoms of failure in the ASIC (application 
specific integrated circuit) that controls the heating.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

TWP/SONDE/C1 - Bad RH

The RH sensor heating circuit failed on this radiosonde.  The RH-related values obtained 
between 0 and 10000 meters oscillate between near-zero and reasonable ambient values.  
Above 10000 the RH values are likely correct.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

TWP/SONDE/C1 - Broken temperature sensor

The temperature sensor on this radiosonde broke after launch.  All the temperature-related 
data are incorrect.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Dry Bulb Temperature(tdry)

TWP/SONDE/C2  - Failure of RH sensor

It appears that the RH sensor heating circuit failed during this sounding.  The RH 
oscillates rapidly between low (~0 %RH) and not so low (ambient %RH) and the oscillation seems 
to stop when the temperature is below ~35 degC.  According to Vaisala these are symptoms 
of failure in the ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) that controls the heating.

• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)
• Humidity, relative(rh)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

TWP/SONDE/C1 - Bad RH sensor

It appears that the RH sensor heating circuit failed during this portion of the sounding 
(approximately between the surface and 11km).  The RH oscillates rapidly between low (~0 
%RH) and high (~80 %RH) and the oscillation seems to stop when the temperature is below 
~40 degC.  According to Vaisala these are symptoms of failure in the ASIC (application 
specific integrated circuit) that controls the heating.

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)

• Humidity, relative(rh)
• Dewpoint Temperature(dp)