TWP/SMET/C3 - Lower wind direction sensor misaligned

The lower wind direction sensor (sensor #2) was misaligned and off by 15 degrees.

• Wind #2 direction vector average(wind2_dir_vec_avg)
• Wind #2 direction standard deviation(wind2_dir_sd)

• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Intermittent Pressure Sensor Failure

The Barometric Pressure sensor was intermittently failing at TWP site C3 Darwin.  At times 
there were large pressure fluctuations occurring on the order of 24 mb in a few minutes. 
 Times of large pressure fluctuations are readily apparent in the data.  At these times 
the data should be carefully analyzed before determining it's usefulness.  In between the 
periods of large fluctuations the readings appear to be stable.  It is still suggested 
that independent pressure data be obtained for comparison before use.

• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)

• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - Reprocess: PIR identified as unshaded is really shaded

From the initial installation of the Darwin SKYRAD suite of instruments, two shaded PIRs 
were installed rather than one shaded and one unshaded PIR as 
documented in the netcdf header information.

• Instantaneous Downwelling Pyrgeometer Dome Thermistor Temperature, Pyrgeometer2(inst_down_long_hemisp2_dome_temp)
• Downwelling Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer2, Minima(down_long_hemisp2_min)
• Downwelling Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer2, Maxima(down_long_hemisp2_max)
• Downwelling Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer2, Standard Deviation(down_long_hemisp2_std)
• Instantaneous Downwelling Pyrgeometer Thermopile, Pyrgeometer2(inst_down_long_hemisp2_tp)
• Instantaneous Downwelling Pyrgeometer Case Thermistor Temperature, Pyrgeometer2(inst_down_long_hemisp2_case_temp)
• Downwelling Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer2(down_long_hemisp2)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3  - IRT incorrect min/delta values

For field sky_ir_temp, the value of valid_min was incorrectly assigned to -49.7 C and no 
value of valid_delta was assigned. The actual values should be -60 and 50 C, respectively.

• Sky Infra Red Temperature Minima(sky_ir_temp_min)
• Sky Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• Sky Infra Red Temperature Maxima(sky_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Data reported at 15sec rather than 60s intervals

Data in these data streams should be reported at 60sec intervals, but
the logger program running during this time had the interval set to
15s.  Users will have to average the 15sec data to get 60sec data.

• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• External voltage(external_voltage)
• Temperature minimum(temp_min)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)
• Wind #1 direction vector average(wind1_dir_vec_avg)
• Wind #2 speed standard deviation(wind2_spd_sd)
• Wind #2 speed maximum(wind2_spd_max)
• Wind #1 speed minimum(wind1_spd_min)
• Wind #1 speed arithmetic average(wind1_spd_arith_avg)
• Logger panel temperature(logger_temp)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Relative humidity maximum(relh_max)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Wind #1 speed maximum gust(wind1_spd_max_gust)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Relative humidity minimum(relh_min)
• Wind #2 direction standard deviation(wind2_dir_sd)
• Bit data. See details.(bit_data)
• Wind #2 direction vector average(wind2_dir_vec_avg)
• Wind #1 speed standard deviation(wind1_spd_sd)
• Wind #2 speed minimum(wind2_spd_min)
• Battery Voltage(internal_voltage)
• Wind #1 speed vector average(wind1_spd_vec_avg)
• Temperature maximum(temp_max)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Wind #2 speed arithmetic average(wind2_spd_arith_avg)
• Wind #2 speed vector average(wind2_spd_vec_avg)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Wind #1 direction standard deviation(wind1_dir_sd)
• Wind #1 speed maximum(wind1_spd_max)
• Wind #2 speed maximum gust(wind2_spd_max_gust)

• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• time(time)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Battery Voltage(internal_voltage)
• Tipping bucket raingauge total(tbrg_total)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Tipping bucket raingauge count total(tbrg_count_total)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Logger panel temperature(logger_temp)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT bias

The IRT behaved erratically, jumping frequently from reporting about 50 Wm^(-2) higher 
than the PIR for surface irradiance values to about 100Wm^(-2) lower than the PIR.  
Generally, the IRT measured lower surface temperatures than expected from the PIR.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Rain blocked pressure port

Atmospheric pressure values were suspect due to anomolous readings during heavy rain 
events.  Suspect blockage of port due to rainfall.  New logger and enclosure corrected problem.

• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Negative rainfall rates

Due to limitations of the Zeno dataloggers all voltage measurements
from the optical rain gauge (ORG) were converted to rainfall rates. 
This resulted in negative values for rain rates.  Any value below
0.10 mm/hr should be considered to be 0 mm/hr.  New dataloggers 
alleviated this problem.

• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - Incorrect NIP cal coefficient

During our site visit comparison at Darwin we observed that the skyrad NIP was reading 
about 50 w/m2 lower than the comparison cavity radfiometer and the replacement NIP on the 
comparison stand. We found that the calibration coefficient for the NIP (responsivity at 
45o)was put in as 8.64X10-6. The NIP was new and had not been calibrated at SGP. The 
factory number was 8.04X10-6. We corrected the calibration coefficient and the instruments 
agreed to better than 5 w/m2.

• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(short_direct_normal_min)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(short_direct_normal)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(short_direct_normal_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard Deviation(short_direct_normal_std)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - Reprocess: NIP calibrations incorrect

On 05/20 during installtion of the new Campbell datalogger system and associated program 
the NIP (S/N 33551E6) was assigned an incorrect calibration coefficient.  A coefficient of 
116.01 W/m2/mV was applied when it should have been 124.378 W/m2/mV.
TWP reports SV0405D and SV0409D detail the activities which lead to this DQR.

• null(Raw data stream - documentation not supported)

• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(short_direct_normal_min)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(short_direct_normal)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(short_direct_normal_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard Deviation(short_direct_normal_std)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Data non-representative

Tower mast was lowered for inspection.  Data during this time is non-representative.

• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Tipping bucket raingauge total(tbrg_total)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Tipping bucket raingauge count total(tbrg_count_total)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT bias

The IRT measured higher surface temperatures than expected from the PIR, even at night.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - Reprocess: IRT with wrong calibration

A spare IRT was installed that was not configured properly.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Lower wind direction sensor failure

The lower wind direction sensor failed on 4/14 and disagrees significantly with the upper 
wind direction sensor.  The lower wind sensor reports a constant value around 0-15 
degrees since it failed.  Testing showed that excitation channel two on the logger was the 
problem.  Logger was replaced by spare.

• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Data not representative

Tower was lowered for radiometer change and characterization. Data are not representative 
of local conditions.

• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Tipping bucket raingauge total(tbrg_total)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Tipping bucket raingauge count total(tbrg_count_total)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - Tower inverted for instrument testing and replacement

The tower at Darwin was brought down to test and replace the Gndrad PIR on 8/5/2005 and 
the PSP on 8/9/2005

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Standard
  Deviation(up_short_hemisp_std)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer(up_short_hemisp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Minima(up_short_hemisp_min)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(up_long_hemisp_max)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(up_long_hemisp_min)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Maxima(up_short_hemisp_max)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard
  Deviation(up_long_hemisp_std)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(up_long_hemisp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - tracker inoperative

A lightning strike at Darwin removed the tracker from service.  Instruments installed on 
the tracker were rendered either inoperative or were not shaded during this time period.  
The longwave hemispheric instruments PIR1 and PIR2 appear to have been unaffected.  They 
are not suseptable to incorrect tracker operation.  The downwelling hemispheric shortwave 
PSP instrument mounted on Skyrad will not be affected by incorrect tracker operation.

• null(Raw data stream - documentation not supported)

• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(short_direct_normal_min)
• Downwelling Shortwave Diffuse Hemispheric Irradiance, Ventilated Pyranometer,
  Maxima(down_short_diffuse_hemisp_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(short_direct_normal)
• Downwelling Shortwave Diffuse Hemispheric Irradiance, Ventilated Pyranometer,
  Minima(down_short_diffuse_hemisp_min)
• Downwelling Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Standard Deviation(down_short_diffuse_hemisp_std)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(short_direct_normal_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard Deviation(short_direct_normal_std)
• Downwelling Shortwave Diffuse Hemispheric Irradiance, Ventilated Pyranometer(down_short_diffuse_hemisp)

• Instantaneous Direct Normal Shortwave Irradiance, Pyheliometer Thermopile
  Voltage(inst_direct_normal)
• Instantaneous Uncorrected Downwelling Shortwave Diffuse, Shaded Pyranometer
  Thermopile Voltage(inst_diffuse)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Upper wind sensor failure

A lightning strike destroyed the upper wind sensor.

• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - RH Values Artificially High

Lightning strike caused RH readings to be higher than reasonable (130%).

• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Instrument failure

A lightning strike caused a failure in the ORG.  Rainfall was being continually recorded.

• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT malfunction

The internal IRT power supply failed (probably due to a lightning strike on 11/14) and was 
drawing excessive current on the data logger's DC system. The problem was corrected by 
replacing the instrument with a spare.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - IRT damaged

The analog output of the IRT was damaged by a lightning strike. The problem was corrected 
by replacing the instrument with a spare. The damaged IRT was returned to the vendor for 
repair.

• Sky Infra Red Temperature Minima(sky_ir_temp_min)
• Sky Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• Standard Deviation of Sky Infra Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp_std)

• Instantaneous Sky/Cloud Infrared(inst_sky_ir_signal)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT power

The IRT failed to report after a planned power outage to add lightning protection modules 
to the AC power wiring. The problem was corrected when a loose power connection to the 
logger was found, rectified, and power restored to the logger.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - ORG data noisy due to degraded ground

SMET Rain Data began to be noisy during December 2005 and the problem slowly became worse 
over time so that in February 2006 the ORG was reporting with a constant background value 
of around 0.10 mm/hr rain rate.  ORG voltage showed a near constant value above the 85mV 
threshold.  The ground for the ORG had become degraded and was lost due to corrosion.

• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Reprocessed: Lower windspeed sensor calibration error

The lower anemometer was replaced but the calibration coefficients were not changed during 
this period.  The data were reprocessed to apply the correct calibrations and the 
reprocessed data were archived in August 2008.

• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT failed

The IRT began to fail on 4/7/2006 and failed completely (apparently due to the internal 
power supply) on 4/27. It was replaced on 5/18.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Data not representative

The Anemometer readings were incorrect due to the tower being lowered for maintenance.

• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - Reprocess: Longwave Calibration error

Modified pyrgeometer calibration procedures were implemented beginning in December 2003.  
These modified procedures introduced a calibration bias in the longwave data.  The 
previous procedures were re-implemented at all sites between December 2005 and February 2006 to 
restore proper calibrations.                                                             
                The data collected while the incorrect procedures were in place are 
being reprocessing to remove the calibration bias.  Note, this also affected standard 
deviation, maximum and minimum data fields.

• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(up_long_hemisp)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Reprocess: Barometric pressure units change

Barometric pressure data during this time period is reported in hPa.  After this time, the 
data have been converted to kPa to standardize the measurement units among ARM sites and 
to conform to accepted standard units determined by the scientific community.

• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - IRT bias

The IRT reported higher surface temperatures than the PIR due to corrosion on the 
terminals of the lightning protection module and a ground wire error. The corrosion was cleaned 
and the wiring corrected.

• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Reprocess: Tipping bucket rain gauge added

A tipping bucket rain gauge was added to the SMET suite of instruments effective 20060926. 
 Two new variables (count and rain amount) were added at the end of the twpsmet60sC1.b1 
datastream.  When reprocessing of this datastream occurs these variables will be added 
with -9999 (missing) as the value for dates prior to gauge installation.

• base time(base_time)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - NIP Failure

Skyrad normal incident shortwave irradiance (NIP) started reporting impossible values for 
direct normal irradiance starting 16 November approx 2100GMT corresponding to a rain 
event at the same time.

The NIP was replaced fixing the problem.

Direct normal data are not recoverable.  However, the NIP data can be calculated from the 
global hemsipherical shortwave and global hemispherical diffuse datastreams by using the 
following relationship:
Global Horizontal = Direct Normal x cos(Z) + Diffuse Horizontal 
where Z is the zenith angle.

• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(short_direct_normal_min)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(short_direct_normal)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(short_direct_normal_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard Deviation(short_direct_normal_std)

• Instantaneous Direct Normal Shortwave Irradiance, Pyheliometer Thermopile
  Voltage(inst_direct_normal)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - NIP instrument failure

The NIP (Short Direct Normal) was replaced after it displayed symptoms of failure 
associated with either unknown precipitation related issues or a possible lightning strike.

NIP data are not recoverable.  Direct normal data can be reconstructed from global 
hemispheric and global diffuse data using the following relationship:
   global hemispheric = direct*cos(sza) + diffuse hemispheric

• null(Raw data stream - documentation not supported)

• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(short_direct_normal_min)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(short_direct_normal)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(short_direct_normal_max)
• Shortwave Direct Normal Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard Deviation(short_direct_normal_std)

• Instantaneous Direct Normal Shortwave Irradiance, Pyheliometer Thermopile
  Voltage(inst_direct_normal)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Barometer Data Incorrect

The barometer data was incorrect or missing due to water intrusion.

• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Water in enclosure

Data became erratic and unreasonable after water intrusion into the enclosure.

• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Upper wind speed artificially slow

The upper wind measurement was consistently slower by around 0.5 - 1 m/s than the lower 
wind measurement.  The bearings on the upper wind measurement were binding.

• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - ORG overestimated rainfall

Optical rain gauge (ORG) measured approximately 10mm higher than two co-located tipping 
bucket rain gauges and a co-located disdrometer.  The ORG is typically higher but usually 
not by an order of magnitude.

• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)

TWP/GNDRAD/C3 - Gndrad shutdown for tropical cylone

On Jan 3rd approximately 1000GMT the effects of a tropical cyclone started affecting the 
installed radiometer measurements at ARM/TWP/C3(Darwin) - both Skyrad and Gndrad.  On Jan 
4th 0740 GMT the Gndrad station was shutdown to avoid damage due to the close passing of 
this storm.  Station was restarted Jan 7th 0515GMT.

• null(Raw data stream - documentation not supported)

• lon(lon)
• Instantaneous Upwelling Pyrgeometer Dome Thermistor Resistance, Pyrgeometer(inst_up_long_dome_resist)
• lat(lat)
• Dummy altitude for Zeb(alt)
• Instantaneous Upwelling Pyrgeometer Thermopile(inst_up_long_hemisp_tp)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Instantaneous Upwelling Pyrgeometer Case Thermistor Resistance, Pyrgeometer(inst_up_long_case_resist)
• base time(base_time)

• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Instantaneous Surface Infra-Red Signal(inst_sfc_ir_signal)
• Instantaneous Upwelling Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer(inst_up_short_hemisp)
• time(time)
• base time(base_time)
• Dummy altitude for Zeb(alt)
• Instantaneous Upwelling Pyrgeometer Thermopile(inst_up_long_hemisp_tp)
• lat(lat)
• lon(lon)

• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Standard
  Deviation(up_short_hemisp_std)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer(up_short_hemisp)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Minima(sfc_ir_temp_min)
• lat(lat)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature Maxima(sfc_ir_temp_max)
• Surface Infra-Red Temperature, Standard Deviation(sfc_ir_temp_std)
• Effective Surface (Skin) Temperature(sfc_ir_temp)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Minima(up_long_hemisp_min)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Maxima(up_short_hemisp_max)
• Logger panel temperature(logger_temp)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Shortwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyranometer, Minima(up_short_hemisp_min)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Maxima(up_long_hemisp_max)
• lon(lon)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer, Standard
  Deviation(up_long_hemisp_std)
• base time(base_time)
• Upwelling (10 meter) Longwave Hemispheric Irradiance, Pyrgeometer(up_long_hemisp)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Dummy altitude for Zeb(alt)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Upper Wind Sensor Data Questionable

The wind_up vs. wind_low wind directions diverged, with the differences between the two 
eventually reached 45 degrees. The Upper sensor was found to be mis-aligned and loose.

• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - IRT power supply

The 12-to-24V DC converter the provides power to the IRT had shut down and was restarted 
by power-cycling.

• Sky Infra Red Temperature Minima(sky_ir_temp_min)
• Sky Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• Sky Infra Red Temperature Maxima(sky_ir_temp_max)
• Standard Deviation of Sky Infra Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp_std)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Lower Wind Direction Intermittently Wrong

The lower wind sensor cabling had a problem causing an intermittent connection for the 
wind direction data.

• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Upper wind speed data incorrect

Beginning on 07/08, the upper wind sensor started reporting significantly lower wind 
speeds than the lower wind sensor.  The cable connections weather proofing failed allowing 
corrosion to occur and increasing he resistance of the cables.  This in turn lowered the 
wind speeds artificially.

• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)

TWP/SKYRAD/C3 - Contamination

The IRT exhibited a positive bias compared to AERI. The problem was corrected when the 
lens and mirror were cleaned.

• Sky Infra Red Temperature Minima(sky_ir_temp_min)
• Sky Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• Sky Infra Red Temperature Maxima(sky_ir_temp_max)
• Standard Deviation of Sky Infra Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp_std)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Missing data

Data are missing and unrecoverable.

• time(time)
• lat(lat)
• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Precipitation maximum(precip_max)
• Battery Voltage(internal_voltage)
• Logger panel temperature(logger_temp)
• Lower sensor, wind direction standard deviation(lo_dir_sd)
• precipitation minimum(precip_min)
• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Tipping bucket raingauge total(tbrg_total)
• Mean Air Temperature or Hardware Error(temp_mean)
• Vapor pressure mean(vappress_mean)
• Upper sensor, wind direction standard deviation(up_dir_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Barometric Pressure(atmos_pressure)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Vapor pressure standard deviation(vappress_sd)
• Mean Relative Humidity(relh_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind direction vector average(up_dir_vec_avg)
• Std Dev of Relative Humidity or Hardware Error Code(relh_sd)
• Precipitation mean(precip_mean)
• Lower sensor, wind direction vector average(lo_dir_vec_avg)
• base time(base_time)
• Dummy altitude for Zeb(alt)
• Precipitation standard deviation(precip_sd)
• lon(lon)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Tipping bucket raingauge count total(tbrg_count_total)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Std Dev of Air Temperature(temp_sd)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)

TWP/SMET/C3 - Wind Speed data contain offset due to induced voltage

The marine model of the RM Young wind sensor needs twisted pair shielded cable.  The 
manufacturer did not originally supply the pigtail with twisted pair shielded cable.  Use of 
twisted pair shielded cable for the rest of the cable run to the logger was also not 
specified.  This caused an induced voltage in the wind speed line from the wind direction 
excitation.  The induced voltage varied from sensor to sensor and probably changed anytime 
the cable was replaced or parts of the wind sensor were repaired or replaced. The induced 
voltage has been seen to vary from 0.15 m/s to as much as 1.08 m/s.

• Upper sensor, wind speed maximum(up_spd_max)
• Lower sensor, wind speed minimum(lo_spd_min)
• Lower sensor, wind speed standard deviation(lo_spd_sd)
• Lower sensor, wind speed maximum(lo_spd_max)
• Upper sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(up_spd_arith_avg)
• Lower sensor, wind speed vector average(lo_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed minimum(up_spd_min)
• Lower sensor, wind speed arithmetic average(lo_spd_arith_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed vector average(up_spd_vec_avg)
• Upper sensor, wind speed standard deviation(up_spd_sd)